Which of the following is an indicator of a personality disorder?

A pervasive, long-standing view of relating to others is a key indicator of a personality disorder because personality disorders are characterized by enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that deviate significantly from cultural expectations. These patterns typically manifest in a variety of social, interpersonal, and occupational situations, influencing how individuals perceive themselves and others, often leading to dysfunctional relationships.

In contrast, brief episodes of extreme mood changes may suggest mood disorders rather than a personality disorder, as personality disorders involve more stable and consistent traits over time. A short-term drug-induced state relates to substance use and is not reflective of the persistent and maladaptive traits found in personality disorders. Situational stress reactions can occur in response to specific events and are usually temporary, making them distinct from the long-term characteristics defining personality disorders.